Biofouling-resistant membranes based on active attack and passive defence strategies: A comprehensive review and future challenges

Global water scarcity and water purification challenges continue to drive advancements in separation membrane technology. However, complex biofouling has substantially hindered the sustainable development of membranes. Surface modification technology, as one of the most promising strategies for combating biofouling, has recently garnered considerable attention. This review provides a comprehensive overview of major breakthroughs in novel antibacterial membranes based on different materials, focusing on two primary antibacterial mechanisms: “active attack” and “passive defence.” In addition, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), responsive materials, and quorum sensing (QS) are also discussed in the context of their applications in the field of antibacterial membranes, laying the foundation for transformative progress in this area. Furthermore, the challenges and potential solutions associated with the application of various materials and technologies are thoroughly examined. This review serves as a practical and integrative guide for the further development of water separation antibacterial membranes.