Applications of generalized zero-effort-miss / zero-effort-velocity feedback guidance algorithm

The performance of the zero-effort-miss/zero-effort-velocity (ZEM/ZEV) feedback guidance algorithm is evaluated through practical space application examples. The ZEM/ZEV feedback guidance algorithm is in general not an optimal solution; however, it is an optimal solution in a uniform gravitational environment. It is also conceptually simple and easy to implement, and thus has great potential for autonomous on-board implementation. It is shown that, for some classic ballistic missile intercept and asteroid intercept scenarios, the ZEM/ZEV algorithm can even compete with corresponding open-loop optimal solutions, while its feedback characteristics make it more suitable to deal with uncertainties and perturbations. By employing the ZEM/ZEV algorithm in the highly nonlinear orbital transfer and raising problems and comparing with corresponding open-loop optimal solutions, its simplicity and near-optimality are further verified.