An isopropanol-assisted fabrication strategy of pinhole-free perovskite films in air for efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells

As a promising photovoltaic device, perovskite solar cells have attracted numerous attention in recent years, where forming a compact and pinhole-free perovskite film in air is of great importance. Herein, we evaluate highly efficient and air stable planar perovskite solar cells in air (relative humidity over 50%) with the modified two-step sequential deposition method by adjusting the CH₃NH₃I (MAI) concentrations and regulating the crystallization process of the perovskite film. The optimum MAI concentration is 60 mg mL⁻¹ in isopropanol. With a planar structure of FTO/TiO₂/MAPbI₃/spiro-OMeTAD/Au, the efficient devices composed of compact and pinhole-free perovskite films are constructed in air, achieving a high efficiency of up to 15.10% and maintaining over 80% after 20 days storing without any encapsulation in air. With a facile fabrication process and high photovoltaic performance, this work represents a promising method for fabricating low-cost, highly efficient and stable photovoltaic device.