Aging and post-aging thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries under complex operating conditions: A comprehensive review

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in energy-storage systems and electric vehicles and are quickly extending into various other fields. Aging and thermal safety present key challenges to the advancement of batteries. Aging degrades the electrochemical performance of the battery and modifies its thermal safety characteristics. This review provides recent insights into battery aging behavior and the effects of operating conditions on aging and post-aging thermal safety. Firstly, the review examines the differences in aging mechanisms between batteries with various electrode materials to better understand battery aging and its evolution in thermal safety. Next, to comprehend the impact of different operating conditions on battery aging and thermal safety after aging, the review considers multiple factors such as temperature, charging and discharging conditions, vibration, and humidity from a practical application perspective. Lastly, in the face of existing challenges and future opportunities, we are providing new insights and perspectives to advance in-depth research on the aging and thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries under complex environmental conditions. These insights from this review can help extend the lifespan and enhance the safety of lithium-ion batteries in typical application scenarios.