Advances in Tunable Radiative Cooling Materials: Design, Mechanisms, and Applications

Radiative cooling provides a sustainable approach for passive heat dissipation by emitting thermal radiation into outer space, thus reducing the need for conventional energy-intensive cooling systems. The fixed optical properties of traditional radiative cooling materials greatly limit their adaptability to varying environmental conditions. In contrast, tunable radiative cooling materials (TRCM) that are capable of adjusting optical properties offer dynamic thermal control and enhanced energy-saving potential. In this review, a comprehensive and materials-centric overview of recent advances in TRCM is presented. Distinct from prior literature that mainly classifies systems by external stimuli, the framework categorizes materials based on the underlying working mechanisms and material platforms, including electrochromic inorganics, responsive polymers, and emerging hybrid systems, etc. The design strategies, switching mechanisms, and performance characteristics of both active controlled and self-regulating systems are critically analyzeed. Moreover, the key application domains, such as building facades, smart windows, and wearable thermoregulation are explored. Finally, design principles, challenges, and future directions that may guide the development of next-generation tunable radiative cooling systems are proposed. By bridging material science with application-oriented design, this review aims to provide actionable insights and inspire cross-disciplinary efforts in the pursuit of intelligent thermal management solutions.