Advancements Toward a Standard System for Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Buildings and Municipal Facilities

The building and municipal facility sectors in many countries are shifting from rapid construction to a balanced focus on construction and operation & maintenance (O&M). However, O&M practices remain largely manual, with poor digital integration, fragmented data management, and inconsistent performance standards. The absence of a unified theoretical and standardization framework for intelligent O&M represents a critical research and practice gap. To address this, this paper proposes a comprehensive framework for intelligent O&M standards, grounded in operations management theory and supported by extensive research. The framework is structured across three dimensions: (a) functional services, including perception, data fusion, decision-making, and disaster prevention; (b) system hierarchy, ranging from perception layer and algorithm layer to human–computer interaction layer; and (c) intelligence characteristics, spanning presentation and monitoring to autonomous maintenance. In addition, existing standards and representative applications are reviewed to provide valuable references for the future development of intelligent O&M standard systems.