Advanced luminescent metal–organic framework (MOF) sensors engineered for urine analysis applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered attention in clinical sensing applications due to their tailored structural and electronic properties, which facilitate the development of efficient materials. Urine, as a biomedium, is one of the primary sampling sources for analyzing any disorder in the human body. In this realm, MOFs constructed from organic and inorganic materials render active platforms for urine sample analysis, enhancing the efficacy of novel devices. Herein, we study and summarize the energy transfer, structure, and optical engineering properties of MOFs for sensing platforms. Then, the study presents recent progress on MOF materials as promising candidates for urine sample analysis to detect various biomarkers and ions, among other analytes for real sample analysis, owing to their multifunctional electronic sites with optical characteristics. The discussion presents luminescent MOFs as solutions to challenges in conventional sensors, such as low stability and energy transfer issues, paving the way in sensory areas. The composite MOFs capitalize on luminescence signals and the rapid detection of biomarkers. In this review, MOF material sensor technologies are explored, focusing on strategies to improve device performance and highlighting the role of MOF materials in enhancing the functionality and efficiency of next-generation clinical devices.