Advanced engineered materials for emerging contaminant remediation toward water treatment

Against the backdrop of intensifying global water supply-demand imbalances and escalating water security risks, the governance of emerging contaminants (ECs) has emerged as a critical challenge in environmental science. We systematically review the definitions, hazards, detection methods, and substrate interactions of ECs. Focusing on their functional mechanisms highlights three primary material categories for EC removal from water bodies: adsorbents, separation membranes, and catalytic degradation materials. Moreover, we analyze key scientific challenges, including the complex nature of contaminants, technical bottlenecks, and practical adaptability constraints. Sustainability-related considerations, including energy-efficient synthesis, material recyclability, reduced secondary pollution, and practical adaptability in complex water matrices, are also discussed. Finally, we outline future research directions, emphasizing innovations in detection technologies, material performance optimization, intelligent monitoring systems, and the integration of green chemistry and biotechnology. By providing a comprehensive perspective, this work aims to guide researchers toward more effective and sustainable solutions for the removal of contaminants from water.