A Survey of Attack Detection and Security Control for Advanced Cyber–Physical Systems and Their Applications

With the rapid development and widespread deployment of advanced cyber–physical systems, malicious network attacks during information transmission have introduced severe challenges to their security and reliability. To address these challenges, this article provides a comprehensive review that begins with a systematic classification of major attack models threatening cyber–physical systems. On this basis, attack detection and secure control methods are jointly reviewed from both model-based and data-driven perspectives. Furthermore, the applications of security techniques for advanced cyber–physical systems are discussed across several representative domains, including power and energy systems, intelligent transportation systems, networked robotic systems, and spacecraft systems, where secure and reliable operation is essential. Finally, key challenges and promising research directions for future exploration are outlined. Overall, this article is beneficial for promoting the development of security control methods and the construction of higher-level advanced cyber–physical systems and their applications.