A review of applications of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) in polymer membrane fuel cells: From nanoparticles to support materials

Polymer membrane fuel cells represent important sustainable energy devices because their operation involves zero emissions and low temperatures and their components exhibit low toxicity. Among the various components of such cells, the electrocatalyst plays the vital role of enhancing the output power density and/or working lifetime. Over the past several decades, numerous strategies have been proposed to address the challenges of electrocatalyst activity and/or durability. Herein, we review the applications of polyelectrolytes in electrocatalysts, including the enhancement of both catalytic nanoparticles and support materials. The effects of polyelectrolytes with regard to controlling the size, composition and morphology of catalytic nanoparticles, as well as the modification of support materials were summarized. In addition, the future possibilities for the research and development of polyelectrolytes in the field of catalyst design and synthesis are discussed.