A Low-Carbon Planning Strategy for Integrated Energy System and Hydrogen Refueling Stations With the Retirement of Oil Stations

Hydrogen vehicles (HVs) are believed to be an effective alternative to fossil fuel vehicles for carbon emission reduction. However, the advantage of HVs highly depends on the carbon emissions produced during hydrogen production. In this paper, a novel two-stage collaborative planning model is proposed to achieve carbon reduction by the low-carbon-oriented transformation. Firstly, in Stage I, a low-carbon power system is established by dynamically retiring coal-fired power plants and promoting the use of renewable energy. In Stage II, with the help of the carbon emission flow model, hydrogen production stations are innovatively constructed at the nodes with extremely low carbon emission intensity in the power system calculated in Stage I, aiming to reduce the carbon emissions generated during hydrogen production. The model incorporates various hydrogen production methods, and effectively employs the coupling of the power and hydrogen networks. Additionally, oil stations are gradually phased out with the construction of hydrogen refueling stations, contributing to further emission reductions. It addresses the trade-off between cost and environmental considerations by minimizing the average cost of carbon emission reduction. Finally, the case studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed model in establishing an eco-friendly energy system, which achieves the highest carbon reductions compared to other approaches while also requiring the lowest costs. Specifically, the carbon emission decreases by 83.39% in the power system with a per cost of $87.13 and by 79.89% in the integrated system with a per cost of $41.43 through two-stage planning.