无人机信息安全研究综述

With the rapid advancements of technology and the decreasing of the manufacturing cost, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also commonly known as drones, are spreading from military areas to industrial production and people's daily lives, during the past few decades. Nowadays, UAVs are now more easily accessible to the public and thus numerous new applications in civilian and commercial domains have emerged, with typical examples including film shooting, agricultural inspection, electrical inspection, personal photography, weather monitoring, forest fire detection, traffic control, cargo transport, emergency search and rescue. However, while a UAV gives people all kinds of conveniences, the cyber security problem of the UAV is gradually exposed. That is, cyber security is critically important for the success of the UAVs. In this article, we first give a state-of-the-art overview of UAV development, introduces the composition structure and various applications of the UAVs, and discuss the cyber security threats faced by the UAVs from the aspects of confidentiality, integrity and availability. In particular, this paper presents the cyber security threats, existing security protection measures, and the current research progress at home and abroad on the UAVs from the four aspects (i.e., sensor node, communication link, software and network) in details. Here we consider the sensor security of the UAVs as an example. Firstly, multiple sensor devices such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers and barometers are often used in the design of the UAVs in order to achieve various functions. The erroneous data collected by a sensor node may make the UAV to make a wrong decision, which affects the flight safety of the UAV and even lead to its crash. The traditional sensor security research generally focuses on the security of data transmission in the sensor networks, but often ignores the security threat analysis and protection of the sensor node itself. In addition, due to technical or cost constraints, commercial sensors in a UAV are usually unable to distinguish normal and abnormal information. We have summarized and analyzed the current situation of the research on the sensors used in the UAVs. At present, there are two kinds of cyber security attacks for the UAVs, which are ultrasonic jamming on gyroscope and GPS deception. we have developed a low-cost record-and-replay system based on a software defined radio device. Also, this article reports the experimental results of some cyber security attacks and defense mechanisms on the UAVs. Especially, global positioning system (GPS) spoofing attack and defense on the UAVs are described in details. Moreover, our proposed UAV control system and its experimental results are described. This system does not need any physical contact or other electronic intrusion of the UAV system, and this method is applicable to most of the UAV models based on satellite navigation signal for navigation. The system can avoid the weaknesses of other UAV control methods such as resulting in UAV falling out of control and causing secondary disasters. Finally, the future research directions of the UAV security and management are discussed. Work in this direction is still in its early stages, and thus we hope this paper will stimulate further interest from researchers and engineers.