从专用模型到通用模型驱动的范式升级 ： GeoAI 研究综述与展望

：Objectives: Geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) is an interdisciplinary discipline formed by the in-depth integration of geospatial science and artificial intelligence (AI). Leveraging cutting-edge AI technologies and integrating geospatial big data with high-performance computing methods, it has pro-foundly revolutionized traditional spatial analysis approaches that rely heavily on GIS platforms and statisti-cal methods. With the continuous iteration of AI technologies, GeoAI is undergoing profound paradigm transformation, shifting from the conventional paradigm driven by task-specific models to an emerging general-purpose model paradigm centered on pre-trained models and large models. Nevertheless, existing review studies fail to cover the complete evolutionary trajectory of the GeoAI domain and lack a unified ana-lytical framework. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify the evolutionary context of this field, summarize the disparities among technical pathways, and systematically consolidate state-of-the-art advances and develop-ment trends, so as to provide solid theoretical and methodological support for future research. Methods：In terms of research methodology, this study first adopts the“model-driven paradigm” as the primary classi-fication criterion and divides existing literature into two major research branches: task-specific model-driven and general-purpose model-driven frameworks. Secondary classification is further conducted based on modeling objectives and model application patterns. A seed literature database is established on the basis of previous reviews, followed by the formulation of retrieval strategies and systematic screening of core literature. Ultimately, a total of 172 representative Chinese and English publications published since 2019 are analyzed. The proposed classification system is adopted to systematically summarize the typical modeling frame-works, application scenarios, and comparative advantages of each research branch. Results：The research findings reveal the progress of two sub-branches within task-specific model-driven GeoAI research: First, research on spatiotemporal geographic knowledge graphs remains relatively limited, primarily owing to the dominant position of deep learning paradigms in the previous technological revolution. Early studies pre-dominantly focused on the structured representation of geographic knowledge. The emergence of knowledge graph embedding (KGE) techniques and large language models has revitalized this domain. KGE enables the conversion of spatiotemporal geographic knowledge into machine-interpretable and computationally fea-sible vector representations, which effectively facilitates fine-tuning and knowledge enhancement for pretrained and large models. It thereby serves as a critical bridge connecting structured geographic knowledge and data-driven models. Second, end-to-end deep learning models have developed into a sophisticated and mature technical system, covering five core tasks: spatiotemporal pattern mining, continuous indicator pre-diction, discrete label inference, spatial configuration generation, and visual semantics-assisted socioeco-nomic factor estimation. Although such models have achieved high accuracy and stability in previous develop-ment stages, they are still constrained by weak task transferability, insufficient cross-scene generalization capability, and excessive costs of repetitive modeling.General-purpose model-driven GeoAI research demon-strates a distinct evolutionary path alongside the iterative advancement of AI technologies: Prior to the wide-spread application of large models in GeoAI, spatial embedding research emerged as the earliest research di-rection, with a current developmental trend toward multi-modal embedded information aggregation. Uni-versal spatiotemporal prediction models share similar paradigms yet achieve integrated spatiotemporal modeling within a unified framework. Supported by cross-city pre-training strategies, these models sub-stantially enhance cross-domain transferability. Different from the static embedding characteristics of spatial embedding models, they focus more on addressing dynamic urban spatial issues. Compared with the previous two types, pre-trained models with geospatial-multimodal semantic alignment are more applicable to a broader range of geospatial tasks. They realize the underlying fusion of geographic, textual and visual informa-tion, eliminating intermediate spatial embedding procedures and exhibiting superior adaptability to complex spatial analysis tasks.Current GeoAI research integrated with large models mainly adopts mainstream strate-gies for geographic task adaptation, including lightweight fine-tuning, prompt learning, tool invocation and agent-based architectures. Meanwhile, unified evaluation frameworks are being constructed to quantify the performance of general large models in geospatial tasks. Despite the remarkable operational convenience and performance potential demonstrated by large model-enabled GeoAI, prominent challenges persist, such as deficient spatial reasoning capability, inherent geographic bias, and limited capacity for complex geographic computation. Conclusions：In conclusion, GeoAI has accomplished a comprehensive paradigm upgrade from task-specific models to general purpose models, with transferability, generalizability and in-teractivity emerging as the core development priorities. Future research should further promote the in-depth application of large models, shifting the research focus from conventional feature extraction and pattern recogni-tion to high-level geographic knowledge comprehension, spatial reasoning and intelligent decision-making. It is essential to construct a next-generation GeoAI ecosystem that takes large models as the intelligent hub and achieves deep integration and collaborative collaboration with knowledge graphs, task-specific models and human expertise. Furthermore, the robust logical reasoning and cognitive capabilities of large models should be fully exploited to empower innovative geographic research.